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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people with ADHD are prescribed medication. It can ease symptoms but can also cause side effects. Speak to your doctor if you experience side effects. Stimulants are among the most popular type of prescription medication healthcare doctors prescribe to treat ADHD. These medications increase levels of brain chemicals, also known as neurotransmitters, which regulate attention and behaviour. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate, a stimulant of first choice to treat ADHD in both children and adults is the most frequently prescribed medication. It works by increasing the activity in brain regions that regulate attention and behavior. Methylphenidate can also be used to treat other conditions such as narcolepsy. It can aid people suffering from Narcolepsy to remain awake and improve their ability focus and pay attention. This medication has a very high potential for abuse and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. Following the exact dosage prescribed can reduce the potential for abuse as well as other adverse effects. Methylphenidate can trigger psychotic symptoms in certain people. It can also exacerbate behavior problems and tics in those with bipolar disorder or Tourette's syndrome. People suffering from these conditions should tell their doctor prior to taking this medication. Consult your physician if there are any other health problems or if you're allergic to dyes or foods. (For example tartrazine is a yellow dye that is present in processed foods and some medications. If you're taking Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate is known to interact with medications, including opioids, antidepressants, and monoamine oxide inhibitors. This includes isocarboxazid linezolid, methylene blue rasagiline, Emsam, Zelapar, or tranylcypromine. It's also important to stay clear of alcohol and other stimulant substances when taking methylphenidate. These drugs can have a harmful effect on your blood pressure and heart rate. The methylphenidate tablets that are immediate-release (Ritalin) and the chewable tablet with long-acting function and the long-acting oral disintegrating capsule (Quillichew ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain Phenylalanine, which is dangerous if you suffer from an inherited condition known as phenylketonuria (PKU). Bupropion Bupropion, an antidepressant drug is a brain stimulant and improves mood. It also helps reduce symptoms of ADHD. It can also be used to treat depression and seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a type of depression that manifests during the winter months of autumn and winter. It is also used to help smokers quit by decreasing nicotine cravings and withdrawal effects. Bupropion has been proven to improve ADHD symptoms in adults in several studies. The pooled fixed effect RR for week-6 improvements (using an increase in clinical significance of 30% or greater on the CGI) is 1.14 (95%CI 0.95-1.37). For the overall response, this equates to 52 percent of the bupropion-treated group and 37% in the placebo group. Bupropion may cause serious and sometimes life-threatening interactions with several different medications, including sedatives antidepressants and some blood pressure medications. It may also increase the risk of seizures in people with seizures or high blood pressure. adhd medication side effects www.iampsychiatry.uk is also not recommended for use in people with certain medical conditions. It should not be used by women who are breastfeeding or pregnant. Bupropion is available as the brand-name medication Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban, Budeprion SR, Aplenzin, and Forfivo XL. It is also available as a generic drug. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants (abbreviated TCAs) are a group of drugs that affect brain chemicals. They were among the earliest antidepressants created, and even though they are no longer considered a first-line treatment for depression they are still beneficial for people suffering from other disorders. They work by preventing the reuptakes of dopamine as well as serotonin, thereby increasing the amount of serotonin that is available to neurons. They also aid in easing a variety of other disorders, including pain syndromes and enuresis such as fibromyalgia and the phantom leg syndrome. TCAs are effective in treating ADHD symptoms, whether they are prescribed alone or with stimulants. They can reduce the severity of ADHD symptoms and decrease depression, anxiety, and impulsivity. In addition, they could help manage disorders like tics, which are repeated, uncontrollable movements or sounds like throat clearing or blinking. TCAs can trigger side effects, including dry mouth, sedation and constipation, and may increase the risk of heart problems. These drugs can interfere with other medications like anticholinergics and should never be taken by pregnant women. These medications are also known to cause teratogenic effects on animals and they can cross the placenta. Speak to your doctor if concerned. There are newer antidepressants that are less likely of adverse effects. Selective serotonin inhibition of reuptake (SSRIs). The SSRIs are a class of drugs that hinder serotonin reuptake in neurons and increase the amount of serotonin that is available for signaling. They also help reduce anxiety and the tendency to be impulsive. They are utilized as an adhd medication since they can improve symptoms in some individuals and are effective alongside other medication. Examples of SSRIs include paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine and citalopram. They exhibit linear pharmacokinetics and have a very low clearance from the human body. However, they are extensively processed by CYP450 enzymes inside the liver. This leads to varying blood concentrations. They are also prescribed to treat various disorders, including major depressive disorder, bulimia-nervosa, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The SSRIs fluoxetine, escitalopram and sertraline can help reduce PTSD core symptoms. They don't appear to be effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. The SSRIs can trigger a rare side effect of sexual dysfunction. If you're thinking of taking one of these medications, it is important to talk with your doctor. Many people have to try several different kinds of ADHD medication before finding the one that suits them. Medications are constantly being developed and studied. It is important to inform all medications you are taking to your physician. Selective norepinephrine Reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). When stimulant drugs do not work for adults with ADHD doctors prescribe an inhibitor of selective norepinephrine reuptake (SNRI). These drugs increase the levels of two brain chemicals known as norepinephrine and serotonin. They also aid in improving mood and decrease depression and anxiety. SNRIs are similar to TCAs however they are safer and have less side effects. They are used to treat numerous ailments, such as anxiety disorders as well as chronic pain such as fibromyalgia and nerve pain. Sometimes, they are used to treat depression in addition. SNRIs are duloxetine, (Cymbalta) and venlafaxine, (Effexor). They work by preventing the absorption (reuptake) of norepinephrine, which is a natural process in the brain following neurotransmission. This results in a higher than normal phasic release. The increased levels of norepinephrine can improve attention and mood. SNRIs have not been approved by the FDA for treating ADHD however, some doctors prescribe them as an alternative stimulant. They are typically taken as pills. However they can also be taken in liquid form or as patches. The FDA approved a SNRI for oral use, called viloxazine or Qelbree to treat ADHD in adolescents and children in April 2021. It is not the potential to be abused, so it is not classified as a controlled substance. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that alter the levels of serotonin as well as norepinephrine in the brain. They are prescribed for anxiety and depression, but can also help control ADHD symptoms. SNRI medications such as venlafaxine or duloxetine have been proven in numerous studies to significantly decrease scores on a variety of ADHD tests. However, SNRIs can increase a person's blood pressure and may interact with certain medications. Therefore, it is essential to consult a doctor before taking these drugs. Additionally, improperly disposed medication could cause harm to people and animals. Therefore, it is essential to follow the correct disposal guidelines. SSRIs or SNRIs are not been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD, but doctors may prescribe them off-label. They are safe and effective, and have less adverse effects than stimulants. Talk to your doctor and discuss the symptoms of your child. SNRIs can increase the body's level of serotonin and norepinephrine but are not suitable for everyone. For example women who are pregnant or nursing should not take SNRIs as they may be absorbed into breast milk. They should not be used by people with high blood pressure, liver issues or any other cardiovascular problems. Selective dopamine Reuptake inhibitors (DARPIs) Many people who suffer from ADHD find that medication helps improve their focus and attention. Some may also notice a reduction in their impulsive behavior. Medication is usually combined with behavior therapy and skills training, which aid people to learn to control their symptoms. It takes time to identify the right dosage and dosage for each person. In this process, doctors monitor physical reactions to determine the ideal balance between benefits and side effects. Drugs that stimulate the brain, like methylphenidate boost the activity of certain brain chemical that control memory and concentration. Although they are generally effective and safe for most people, they can trigger serious side effects like diminished appetite and sleep problems. These side effects usually subside within a few days as your body adjusts to the medication. Adults and children can also take non-stimulant medications. They take longer to begin working, but they are able to improve concentration and impulse control. They include alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists (atomoxetine and viloxazine), as well as guanfacine. Antidepressants also treat ADHD. They can increase the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in the brain, and aid in the impulsive behavior and depression. Bupropion, an antidepressant, has been prescribed to treat ADHD. It was prescribed “off-label” but drug makers came up with extended-release versions and the FDA approved its use as an treatment.